3.1 TWO FACTOR FULLY CROSS-FACTORED MODEL Y = B|A + e Planned orthogonal contrasts on factor A Analysis by GLM of terms: C + D(C) + B + B*C + B*D(C) Data: A C D B Y 1 2 0 1 4.5924 1 2 0 1 -0.5488 1 2 0 1 6.1605 1 2 0 1 2.3374 1 2 0 2 5.1873 1 2 0 2 3.3579 1 2 0 2 6.3092 1 2 0 2 3.2831 2 -1 1 1 7.3809 2 -1 1 1 9.2085 2 -1 1 1 13.1147 2 -1 1 1 15.2654 2 -1 1 2 12.4188 2 -1 1 2 14.3951 2 -1 1 2 8.5986 2 -1 1 2 3.4945 3 -1 -1 1 21.3220 3 -1 -1 1 25.0426 3 -1 -1 1 22.6600 3 -1 -1 1 24.1283 3 -1 -1 2 16.5927 3 -1 -1 2 10.2129 3 -1 -1 2 9.8934 3 -1 -1 2 10.0203 COMMENT: If A[1] is a control, and A[2], A[3] are treatment levels, contrasts C and D test for a control-versus-treatment effect, and a between-treatments effect. Significant interactions with factor B indicate that these contrasts vary from one level of B to another. Orthogonality means that: SS[C] + SS[D(C)] = SS[A], and SS[B*C] + SS[B*D(C)] = SS[B*A]; likewise DF[C] + DF[D(C)] = DF[A], and DF[B*C] + DF[B*D(C)] = DF[B*A]. Model 3.1(i) A and B are both fixed factors: Source DF SS MS F P 1 A 2 745.36 372.68 37.23 <0.001 2 B 1 91.65 91.65 9.16 0.007 3 B*A 2 186.37 93.18 9.31 0.002 4 S(B*A) 18 180.18 10.01 Total 23 1203.56 Orthogonal contrasts, with A, C, D and B all fixed factors: Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Seq MS F P 1 C 1 549.39 549.39 549.39 54.88 <0.001 = A[1] versus average{A[2],A[3]} 2 D(C) 1 195.97 195.97 195.97 19.58 <0.001 = A[2] versus A[3] 3 B 1 91.65 35.54 91.65 9.16 0.007 4 B*C 1 84.50 84.50 84.50 8.44 0.009 = B*(A[1] versus average{A[2],A[3]}) 5 B*D(C) 1 101.87 101.87 101.87 10.18 0.005 = B*(A[2] versus A[3]) 6 S(B*A) 18 180.18 180.18 10.01 Total 23 1203.56 NOTE: The design is orthogonal, so uses Type I (sequential) SS. The analysis can also be done by requesting the model: C + D + B + C*B + D*B with variables C and D declared as covariates. Adjusted SS are then the same as Sequential SS. __________________________________________________________________ TWO FACTOR FULLY CROSS-FACTORED MODEL Y = B|A + e Planned orthogonal contrasts on factors A and B and contrast*contrast interactions Analysis by GLM of terms: C + D(C) + E + F(E) + G(E) + E*C + C*F(E) + C*G(E) + E*D(C) + F*D(E C) + G*D(E C) Data: A C D B E F G Y 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 4.5924 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 -0.5488 1 2 0 2 1 -1 0 6.1605 1 2 0 2 1 -1 0 2.3374 1 2 0 3 -1 0 1 5.1873 1 2 0 3 -1 0 1 3.3579 1 2 0 4 -1 0 -1 6.3092 1 2 0 4 -1 0 -1 3.2831 2 -1 1 1 1 1 0 7.3809 2 -1 1 1 1 1 0 9.2085 2 -1 1 2 1 -1 0 13.1147 2 -1 1 2 1 -1 0 15.2654 2 -1 1 3 -1 0 1 12.4188 2 -1 1 3 -1 0 1 14.3951 2 -1 1 4 -1 0 -1 8.5986 2 -1 1 4 -1 0 -1 3.4945 3 -1 -1 1 1 1 0 21.3220 3 -1 -1 1 1 1 0 25.0426 3 -1 -1 2 1 -1 0 22.6600 3 -1 -1 2 1 -1 0 24.1283 3 -1 -1 3 -1 0 1 16.5927 3 -1 -1 3 -1 0 1 10.2129 3 -1 -1 4 -1 0 -1 9.8934 3 -1 -1 4 -1 0 -1 10.0203 COMMENT: This example uses one of three alternative models for the set of orthogonal contrasts E-G amongst the four levels of factor B. Model 3.1(i) A and B are both fixed factors: Source DF SS MS F P 1 A 2 745.36 372.68 60.36 <0.001 2 B 3 150.05 50.02 8.10 0.003 3 B*A 6 234.05 39.01 6.32 0.003 4 S(B*A) 12 74.10 6.17 Total 23 1203.56 Orthogonal contrasts, with A, C, D, E, F and G all fixed factors: Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Seq MS F P 1 C 1 549.39 549.39 549.39 88.97 <0.001 = A[1] versus average{A[2],A[3]} 2 D(C) 1 195.97 195.97 195.97 31.74 <0.001 = A[2] versus A[3] 3 E 1 91.65 91.65 91.65 14.84 0.002 = average{B[1],B[2] versus average{B[3],B[4] 4 F(E) 1 23.15 23.15 23.15 3.75 0.077 = B[1] versus B[2] 5 G(E) 1 35.25 35.25 35.25 5.71 0.034 = B[3] versus B[4] 6 E*C 1 84.50 84.50 84.50 13.69 0.003 = interaction of contrast E with contrast C 7 C*F(E) 1 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.07 0.791 = interaction of contrast F with contrast C 8 C*G(E) 1 23.42 23.42 23.42 3.79 0.075 = interaction of contrast G with contrast C 9 E*D(C) 1 101.15 101.15 101.15 16.50 0.002 = interaction of contrast E with contrast D 10 F*D(E C) 1 16.15 16.15 16.15 2.62 0.132 = interaction of contrast F with contrast D 11 G*D(E C) 1 7.66 7.66 7.66 1.24 0.287 = interaction of contrast G with contrast D 12 S(B*A) 12 74.10 74.10 6.17 Total 23 1203.56 NOTE: The design is orthogonal, so uses Type I (sequential) SS. The analysis can also be done by requesting the model: C + D + E + F + G + E*C + F*C + G*C + E*D + F*D + G*D with all variables C to G declared as covariates. __________________________________________________________________ Contrasts for analysing two cross-factors A and B with one missing cell (i.e., not having one of the combinations of factor levels) Analysis by GLM of terms: A + B(A) and A + B Data: A B Y 1 1 4.5924 1 1 -0.5488 1 2 6.1605 1 2 2.3374 1 3 5.1873 1 3 3.3579 1 4 6.3092 1 4 3.2831 2 1 7.3809 2 1 9.2085 2 2 13.1147 2 2 15.2654 2 3 12.4188 2 3 14.3951 2 4 8.5986 2 4 3.4945 3 1 21.3220 3 1 25.0426 3 2 22.6600 3 2 24.1283 3 3 16.5927 3 3 10.2129 COMMENT: The design is unbalanced by virtue of missing data, with an empty A3B4 cell. Model 3.1(i) A and B are both fixed factors Step 1. Analysis by GLM of terms A + B(A): Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P 1 A 2 895.54 895.54 447.77 66.48 <0.001 2 B(A) 8 233.01 233.01 29.13 4.32 0.014 3 S(B(A)) 11 74.09 74.09 6.74 Total 21 1202.65 NOTE: These contrasts partition the explained variation among 11 cells (in an AxB = 3x4 array with one cell missing) into the A main effect before adjustment for B, and B main effect adjusted for A but confounded with the A*B interaction. The interaction is unconfounded by subtracting the SS[B] in the following analysis from SS[B(A)] above, to get SS[B*A], with 8-3 = 5 degrees of freedom for calculating MS[B*A]. Then all three terms are tested against the error MS of the first model for the final model with Type-II adjusted MS. Step 2. Analysis by GLM of terms A + B: Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P 1 A 2 895.54 777.51 388.75 - - 2 B 3 58.53 58.53 19.51 - - 3 Residual 16 248.57 248.57 15.54 Total 21 1202.65 Step 3. Composite model with SS[B*A] = SS[B(A)-B]: Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P 1 A 2 895.54 777.51 388.75 57.68 <0.001 2 B 3 58.53 58.53 19.51 2.89 0.084 3 B*A 5 174.48 174.48 34.90 5.18 0.011 4 S(B*A) 11 74.09 74.09 6.74 Total 21 1202.65 NOTE: The SS[B*A] can also be obtained by subtracting the Seq SS[A]+SS[B] = 954.07 in step 2 from SS[C] = 1128.55, given by a one-factor ANOVA (factor C with two observations in each of 11 levels). __________________________________________________________________ Doncaster, C. P. & Davey, A. J. H. (2007) Analysis of Variance and Covariance: How to Choose and Construct Models for the Life Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~cpd/anovas/datasets/ http://www.soton.ac.uk/~cpd/anovas/datasets/Orthogonal contrasts.htm